Inter-Professional Education, Working and Learning

Inter-Professional Education, running(a) and attainmentWhat do you understand by the terms swallow professional pedagogics (IPE), eat up professional work ating (IPW) and enquiry based training (EBL)? Discuss the potential benefits and difficulties associated with themThe modern NHS is constantly evolving and arguably has done so since its inception. This evolution has been on umpteen different levels. In this essay we shall consider some of the changes in the professional working and learning practices of the nurse with consideration of the topics of inter professional education (IPE), inter professional working (IPW) and enquiry based learning (EBL). We shall consider each in turn and then examine its relevance to modern day practice.Interprofessional education (IPE),IPE has been defined in a number of ways. One of the most complete isThe application of principles of adult learning to interactive, group-based learning, which relates cooperative learning to cooperative pract ice at heart a coherent rationale which is informed by disposition of interpersonal, group, inter-group, organisational and inter-organisational relations and functioninges of professionalisation. (Gough D.A et al. 2003)When reading the literature on the subject, one quickly becomes aw ar that there are a number of commonly used terms that are virtually synonymous with IPE, and contribute to the semantic quagmire referred to in the McPhearson writing (discussed later) that surrounds terms much(prenominal) as multi-disciplinary learning and multi-professional education. (Scottish Office 1998). In broad terms they describe the process whereby two (or much) professions or disciplines come together for the purposes of learning (Jackson, N et al. 2004). The alpha functional features of such a system are not that the individuals concerned learn the same material together but that there is a learning both about and from each former(a) to improve collaboration and the overall quali ty of heraldic bearing provided and it is this latter feature which distinguishes the term IPE from the rest of the group mentioned earlier. (NCIHE 1997)The publication of multidisciplinary teamwork and the seamless interface concepts (Yura H et al. 1998) contribute highlighted the require for smoother integration of both processes and knowledge (as headspring as other less tangible concepts such as mutual respect and understanding) between the caring professions. (CAIPE 1997)Quite apart from the ideological requirement for such processes to be adopted, we tonicity that there is an increased insistence of guidances coming from central sources, primarily the Dept. of Health, that specify IPE as essential to the task of health wish professionals and also a number of enquiry reports (such as the Kennedy report and other in the field of child abuse and mental health such as the Laming inquiry (2003)) that have highlighted the need for strengthening both IPE and interprofession al workingInterprofessional Working (IPW)IPW is, to a large extent, a direct and natural consequence from the adoption of the concepts of IPE. (Molyneux J 2001). In essence, it describes the process of health occupy professionals collaborating in working together more effectively to improve the quality of patient care thereby allowing for both flexible and coordinated services and a skilled and responsive workforce. (McNair R et al. 2001).We should note that the adoption of IPW is seen as a key element in the optimum working of multidisciplinary team working which allows healthcare professionals to work competently and confidently crosswise previously defined professional boundaries and it enables effective role substitution (Finch J et al. 2000)Enquiry based learning (EBL)This is essentially a description of a process of learning that is driven by a process of enquiry. It is complementary to the process of project based learning (PBL) which is determined by the end point of the be ginning of a problem and usually requires the creation of a finished product such as a project report or a dissertation. EBL is characterised by deep involvement and engagement with a complex problem and incorporates structures and forms of support which can help the student carry out their enquiries and can cover a broad spectrum of different approaches.The characteristic feature of this type of structured learning is that the tutor establishes the topic and the student then pursues their own lines of enquiry, both seeking demonstrate to support their views and also taking responsibility to present this assure permitly.In the words of BarrettIt promotes personal investigate the student becomes familiar with the multifarious resources at their temperament such as e-journals and databases. There is the opportunity to support one another in research and explore different avenues of information. The whole experience becomes one of change where students can constituent opinions, research and experience to achieve an end result. (Barrett et al. 2005)Collaborative workingIn essence, the forgoing paragraphs all come under the over-reaching concept of collaborative working. This is not an isolated academic concept, it is a very practical one. The literature on the subject is very informative. If we consider a number of specific examples from new journals, we can cite the paper by Rogowski (J A et al. 2001) which produced an ingenious design of study to assess the degree to which a number of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) could make improvements in both the quality of care and also the economic functioning of their departments by embracing the concept of collaborative multidisciplinary working. Ten NICUs adopted the collaborative multidisciplinary working model and their outcomes were compared with nine controls who did not. The paper is both peachy and complex and the analysis is exhaustive but, in essence, the authors concluded that such collaborativ e working practices could for certain achieve cost savings (which were comparatively easy to quantify). They noted that these were certainly obtainable in the short term and most were sustainable in the long term. They also commented on the improvements in the quality of care parameters (which were much harder to quantify). There was an improvement in a number of indices of quality of care including patient (parent) pleasure levels, staff satisfaction levels and this was not accompanied by any reduction in clinical outcome.On a wider consideration, one can turn to the paper by Anderson (P et al. 2003)Which describes the WHOs collaborative survey on the comement of alcohol problems in a primary feather health care setting. The paper starts with the premise that the discourse of alcohol-related problems in primary healthcare is poor (and cites many reasons for this). (Aalto, M et al. 2001) . The relevance to our discussions here is that the paper considers the outcomes in this ar ea when such problems are treated by the GP alone and when they are treated by a multidisciplinary primary healthcare team (IPW) and it is clear that the later group has a generally remedy outcome.These two papers are presented to support the hypotheses that IPW and collaborative working are not simply new mechanisms without foundation or substance, they are a reflection of their ability to work in a practical field.If we now consider the benefits and shortcomings of IPE and IPW within the context of the modern NHS, we note that there is not only a consideration of the benefits of IPW between the various healthcare professionals specialties but some authors also call for IPW between those healthcare professionals who work in primary healthcare teams and those who work in a hospital setting. The legitimate structure of the NHS is such that hospital based practitioners tend to train, work, and have their horizons limited by the moderate of the hospital environment. When the patien t leaves this environment they become someone elses problem and the care is then taken over by another team of healthcare professionals. Parsell ( G, et al. 1998) calls for both IPE and IPW to accommodate this rather artificial divide and to educate healthcare professionals into the consideration that it is the patient who is the constant factor and that broad levels of collaborative working are required to provide optimum levels of patient care.A more recent paper by McPherson (K et al. 2001) takes this argument a stage further. It is both analytical and well written and the authors have an impressive pedigree (two professors of medicine and a lecturer in health administration). The paper puts education at the centre of the modernisation manageThey make the very pertinent observationMost health needs require the collaboration of a group of health professionals. The professionals intricate may work together in the same space or be scattered throughout several hospital departments or sectors of care. Whether or not the caregivers see themselves as part of a team, each patient depends on the performance of the whole.The paper then makes a number of analyses form both practical experience of the authors and the current literature. They suggest that, in order to work well a work group or team should have the following characteristicsClear aim shared understanding of goals.Clear processes knowledge of (and respect for) others contributions, good communication, conflict management, matching of roles and training to the task. (Headrick L A et al. 1998)Flexible structures that support such processes skilled staff, appropriate staffing mix, responsive and proactive leadership that emphasises excellence, effective team meetings, documentation that facilitates sharing of knowledge, access to needed resources, and appropriate rewards. (Firth-Cozens J 2000)The authors cite an impressive and persuasive evidence base that IPW and collaborative working have been demonstra ted to produce patient benefit in a number of specific areas including reduced mortality for the elderly. (Rubenstein L Z et al. 1991), morbidity after CVA (Langhorne P et al. 2001) and mortality after CABG (OConnor G T et al. 1996) to mention just three.Despite these clear and developed benefits, the authors make the point that IPW is not just something that happens when professional training is completed, it should ideally be considered as part of a continuum of learning starting with the pre-qualification experience, go along into postgraduate education, and extending into continuing professional development. They make a call (which has been echoed by many others viz. CGME 2000) for learning in the field of healthcare to be about healthcare as a whole, rather than a series of disjointed chapters in order to help the developing healthcare professionals to acquire a deeper understanding of the processes of care and also to prepare the professionals to be in a better position to contribute to the development of a better system in the fullness of clock timeOne of the impediments to a wholehearted embracing of these concepts is perhaps a clinging onto the older concepts of hand overing to blur boundaries between what a nurse and a doctor baron do or perhaps how an occupational therapist or a psychologist might approach management issues. It seems to be a fundamental issue that need to collectively understand the different ways of thinking and problem solving that the different specialties require so that the different skills and knowledge bases can be combine in a way that benefits patients. (Koppel I et al. 2001)Part of the requirement of the writing of this essay is to reflect on the experiences gained in the EBL group work and the learning derived from the research for this essay.Gibbs reflective model is ideal for this purpose.The descriptive elements are largely contained within this essay and, in addition, my experiences within the various groups. It has to be said that the groups that I was involved with were largely harmonious and entered into the various learning exercises in a spirit of self-help. I am aware however, that a number of the other groups did not share this experience and I have been told about a number of heated discussions that apparently tool place within these other groups. My feelings are that instinctively I find the former more conducive to a positive learning experience. Although it can be useful to enter into a heated debate on a subject, it rarely helps to persuade you to a different point of view. (Taylor, E. 2000). The military rank of the episode was that it gave me a personal insight into how other healthcare professionals consider and manage problems in their own sphere and, as such, I feel that I have learned a great deal and formed a deeper understanding of their perceptions and knowledge of certain issues.In terms of what I might have done differently, I believe that I was able to assimilate a great deal of useful information from these groups which will almost certainly help me in my professional career. On reflection, I think that I was not as vociferous as I might have been in putting my own viewpoint forward, and it occurred to me that the other healthcare professionals in the group may therefrom not have had the same opportunity to assimilate my particular viewpoints and opinions and may therefore have been disadvantaged by this. (Palmer 2005). It is certainly clear to me that there is considerable benefit to be obtained in both IPE and IPW and the mechanism of EBL is a valuable tool to obtaining that benefit.In terms of a discrete action plan, I have every intention of engaging as in full as I can in any further measures in this regard and will try to make my own viewpoint available for others to assess and assimilate as actively as I have tried to assess and assimilate theirs. ( vanguard Manen, M. 1997). I feel that this is a positive step in making all of us more fully professional and able to contribute more fully to the healthcare systems that we will eventually work in.References Aalto, M., Pekuri, P. and Seppa K. 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