Contrasting Principles of Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay

Learning is a very important part of Psychology and it has been defined as any relatively permanent change in demeanour, or behaviour potential, produced by experience (Baron, p.169). Learning is a key process in human behaviour it bathroom play an important role in most of the activities we do. Even though the effects of learning are extremely diverse, most psychologists believe that learning occurs in several basic forms conditioning classical and operant and observational learning. Myers defined conditioning as the process of learning associations. Classical conditioning is where the stimulus serves as a signal for the occurrence of a second stimulus. (Learning to associate two stimulis together). In classical conditioning we are able to acquire development about the relations between various stimuli and not just simple associations between them. The most famous research for classical conditioning comes from Ivan Pavlov in 1927. During Pavlo vs research into salivary secretion in dogs he noticed that when he put food into a dogs mouth it would salivate. He whence found that if he worked repeatedly with the same dog it would salivate to stimuli associated with food such as the sight of food, the food dish or the presence of the somebody who brought the food. Because of what Pavlov found he then chose to study learning, which he hoped might enable him to better understand what was happening. Pavlov and his assistants began work by pairing various neutral stimuli such as give-up the ghost when food was present in the dogs mouth to see if the dog would eventually learn to salivate to the just the sound on its own.... ...viour due to a reinforcer and are only likely to show the desired behaviour if its reinforced and so this behaviour is unlikely to be a permanent change compared to classical conditioning which has much high chances of remaining. Bibliography Carlson, N. R., Buskist, W., & M artin, G. N. (2000). Psychology The Science of Behaviour. London Allyn & Bacon. Myers, D.G. (2003) Psychology. (Seventh Edition). Michigan Worth Publishers. Ferguson, K. E., ODonohue, W. (2001). The Psychology of B.F Skinner. London Sage publications. Bjork, D.W. (1997) Skinner- A Life. London. American Psychological Association. Hall, G. (1983). Behaviour An introduction to Psychology as a Biological science. London Academic crush out inc. Baron, R. A. (1998) Psychology. (Fourth Edition). London Allyn & Bacon

Setting in Greasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle Essay -- Greasy Lake T.

Greasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle Nature has a powerful way of portraying good vs. bad, which parallels to the same concept intertwined with human nature. In the twaddle Greasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle, the author portrays this through the use of a lake by demonstrating its significance and relationship to the characters. At one time, the Greasy Lake was something of beauty and cleanliness, but thence came to be the exact opposite. Through his writing, Boyle demonstrates how the setting can be a direct reflection of the characters and the experiences they encounter. The lake itself plays a major role throughout the story, as it mirrors the characters or so exactly. For example, the lake is described as being fetid and murky, the mud banks glittering with broken glass and strewn with beer cans (125). The characters are also described as being greasy or dangerous several times, which ties the lake and the characters together through their similarities. The narrator explains, We were bad. At night we went up to Greasy Lake (124). This demonstrates the importance that the surroundings in which the main characters choose to be in is extremely important to the image that they reflect. At the be trapning of the story, these characters images and specifically being bad is essentially all that mattered to them. We wore torn up leather jacketsdrank gin and grape juicesniffed glue and ether and what somebody claimed was cocaine (124). They went out of their ...

Womens Issues and Multiculturalism Essays -- Feminist Feminism Cultur

Womens Issues and MulticulturalismABSTRACT In branch one of this paper, I offer a description of the main versions of multiculturalism, with its liberal interpretation among them. In part two, I give an outline of the changes that have taken place in womens social status in the course of history and of the various stages of their license process. In the third part I examine the human relationship between multiculturalism and womens issues in general. Finally, I explore the same(p) in Hungary, and attempt to draw slightly general consequences. Does a minority group (e.g., Gypsies in Hungary) in a multicultural society have the right to maintain their traditional remote refinement? I argue that the liberation of women is not a womens issue it is part of the persistent enforcement of human rights. My address is divided into four parts. In the first part I offer a description of the main versions of multiculturalism, with its liberal interpretation among them. In the second part I shall give an outline of the changes that have taken place in womens social status in the course of history and of the various stages of their emancipation process. In the third part I examine the relationship between multiculturalism and womens issues in general. Finally, in the fourth part I explore the same in Hungary, and attempt at drawing some general consequences.(I) It is enamour to distinguish between two types of multicultural societies-the traditional and the modern. In traditional societies, several ethnic groups may have lived together, which, despite their differences, basically belonged to the same civilisation. In countries which belong in the European civilisation, for instance, English and Scots, French and Bretons have li... ...oup have the right in a multicultural society to maintain their traditional patriarchal culture? Members of a minority group are as good citizens as those in the majority. They therefore have the same rights. However, they also have the same duties. Maintaining traditions that violate civil liberties is not to be tolerated. Preserving the mother tongue or cultivating the arts is one thing, wearing chador or clitoral circumcision is an entirely various matter. If the female members of a minority group undertake to follow such traditions of their own will, they are similar to members of such sects as may go as far as committing collective suicide. In the majority of cases, however, coercion of some sort is present. The liberation of women, therefore, is in the spirit of the modern world not a womens issue it is part of the persistent enforcement of human rights.