Thomas Jefferson Research Paper - 1337 Words

â€Å"The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.† Thomas Jefferson is arguably one of the most influential people to Virginia and the United States before and during the American Revolution. Jefferson had been a governor for Virginia during the American Revolution, he had wrote the Declaration of Independence along with four other notable American politicians, and served as a minister to France in 1785-1789. Without Jefferson the American Revolution most likely would have played out completely different and we could possibly be living a different life today. Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13th, 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia into a family of wealth. His mother, Jane Randolph was†¦show more content†¦Before the Declaration of Independence was signed, colonists were treated very unfairly by their mother-countries leader, King George III. King George had not helped the 13 colonies in any way and really only used them to gain wealth for Great Britain and himself. George’s method of gaining wealth from the 13 colonies was that they could only trade to Great Britain, which did not help the 13 colonies expand as a country. Also, he heavily taxed colonists on the western hemisphere because he needed aid to pay off his former war debts. The colonists were not happy about his acts because it gave them little opportunity of expanding their wealth or fortune which, is the main idea of coming to the â€Å"New World.† This made colonists very angry now was thickening the hatred for their leader they were now just as mot ivated as the politicians; resulting in, plenty of change, leading to the American Revolution. Jefferson understood the colonists and he was able to express or summarize their ideas, thoughts, and motivations through the document; â€Å"We the People†. Even though the Declaration of Independence was a main contribute to the ending of the American Revolution, the war had lasted an extra five years with Britain. Britain did not want to lose the 13 coloniesShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson And Modern Geography1175 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Schafer Dr. Michael Pretes GE 300W 10/11/2016 Jefferson and Modern Geography Geography is such a holistic discipline that it requires much concentration and focus on its subject matter. A geographer must focus on a specific topic that interests him or her and devote their brain power to discovering how the area of interest is influenced by its geographic environment through a spatial perspective. Thomas Jefferson is one such individual who committed throughout his life to view theRead MoreThe Concept of Liberty in US Political History: An Analytical Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesthat are allied with these perspectives of political liberty. Apart from that, the legendary political fight between Thomas Jefferson, who gave the idea of establishing an Empire of Liberty in the 17th-century America along with the goals and actions he took for achieving political liberty for the American nationals against federalism, will also be emphasized in this analytical research-based essay. In the last, the results, those political events came up with, will also be discuss ed that gave riseRead MoreThe Myth Of The Latin Women : I Just Met A Girl Named Maria1466 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Latin Women: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria by Judith Ortiz. The essay I did not believe it had to be in our syllabus because it really did not have to do much with the student learning outcome was The Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson. In the essay of Judith Ortiz The Myth of the Latin Women: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria was an essay I believe many students were able to relate, understand, and reflect with the arguments she pointed out. Judith Ortiz seemed passionate inRead MoreHamiltons Curse Book Review1464 Words   |  6 PagesIt Means for America Today, the author, Thomas J. DiLorenzo, succeeds in answering the questions stated above. Even more, the author is able to identify America’s economic problems by narrowing them down to one source: Alexander Hamilton. The author of the book, Thomas J. DiLorenzo, presents excellent arguments with strong evidence of the contradicting political ideas between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. A thorough investigation and research is evidenced through many trusted sourcesRead MoreLiteracy Narrative Essay example854 Words   |  4 Pagespresident, complete with a two page report. We had three weeks to complete the project. I chose Thomas Jefferson as my topic. I had my poster made, with a lot of pictures and captions, done within one week of getting the project. My mom took me to the library to do some research on Thomas Jefferson. I found so much stuff. Then I sat down to write. I could not think of anything to put on the paper. The due date got closer and closer. I still had no report to turn in. Finally on the eve ofRead MoreA Brief History of American Imperialism1391 Words   |  6 Pagesin the late 19th and 20th centuries, and is clearly imperialist in nature. The acquisition of the Louisiana territory by Thomas Jefferson from the French in 1803, was too good a deal to pass up. Primarily interested in the strategic port city of New Orleans, and unrestricted use of the Mississippi River for trade, when offered the entirety of the territory by Napoleon, Jefferson saw an opportunity for the expansion of his â€Å"empire of liberty†. However, this treaty, made official on July 4th, 1803,Read MoreA Birth Of A Legend1663 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout his youth.† His childhood fear was a possible attack of Indian during Indian French War. As a child, he was deeply into books and learning languages. (â€Å"James Madison: Life before the Presidency—Miller center,† 2016), (â€Å"Revolutionary war research project,† 2011), (â€Å"biography.com,† 2016), (â€Å"American-presidents.com,† 2016), (ORG, feed, e-mail, n.d.) He grew up and lived most of his life in Orange County of Virginia. Initially he was home schooled. With his own interests and passion and helpRead MoreIs College Really Important? College?987 Words   |  4 PagesIs college really important? College and Jefferson. Everything in life will come with its advantages, disadvantages and its importance. Similarly college does relate to what Thomas Jefferson states in his argument from the declaration of independence. Yes, college does provide freedom, liberty and pursuit of happiness however, only to a limited extend. Today college has become an investment for the future. For all our lives we have been around a certain group of people, from elementaryRead MoreThe American Revolution Of The United States1721 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution, and is the reason the US is an independent country. During class, we looked at a couple of the most influential articles of writing made at this time and decided which of the American ideals it best embodied These document where Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence, and a Massachusetts slave petition called Denouncing Contradictions. The goals of each of these documents, was to convince the intended audience to grant the writer of the document, the idealRead MoreWhat Are The Flaws Of The Founding Fathers?1385 Words   |  6 Pageson the north border of the United States to our everyday money; the founding fathers are quite prevalent in our society. Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Be njamin Franklin, George Washington, and John Adams have influenced American society immediately at the start and still continue to do so today. The book in which I have chosen to research goes into great depth of the lives of the founding fathers and how their flaws and quirks as regular people shaped America into what it is

History Genghis Khan, Julius Caesar, And Alexander The...

hroughout history, Genghis Khan, Julius Caesar, and Alexander the Great are successful conquerors in history. Genghis Khan a tyrant and a bloodthirsty villain during his period he conquered more territory than any other leader in history. Julius Caesar a great general that ever lived, he also knew how to elevate money for festivals and gifts. Lastly, Alexander the Great is a person who conquered many territories, had a large empire, formed the Hellenistic culture, and became very successful. E.H Gombrich uses the topic â€Å"History is always written by the Victors† to make the reader acknowledge that Genghis Khan, Julius Caesar, and Alexander the Great are People who are successful because Genghis Khan was feared because of his conquering ,†¦show more content†¦For example, â€Å"Caesar turned his army towards Italy he was now the most powerful being in the world. Other generals who had previously been his allies, he attacked and defeated. And after he had seduced C leopatra, the beautiful queen of Egypt, he was able to add Egypt to the Roman Empire† (Chapter 15 Page# 101 Paragraph 2 Line 1). This reveals Julius Caesar was a dominant man in the world because he overcame Gaul when he conquered Gaul, then he turned his mindsets on Italy which obtained him the powerful ruler in the world. Another reason Julius Caesar can fit into the topic History is always written by the victors is â€Å"Since Caesar was now the mightiest man on earth he could have become king of the Roman Empire, and he might not have objected to that. But the Romans were jealous of him -even his best friend, Brutus- and they didn t want to be ruled by him† (Chapter 15 Page# 101 last paragraph Line 1). This shows how Julius Caesar was very successful in what he did, he became the mightiest man on earth and he could become the king of the Roman Empire. However, the people of Rome were too jealous of him because of his achievement and the people of Rome did not want c ontrolled by Julius Caesar because concerning how ruthless he was. A third reason why History is always written by the victors is that Alexander the Great was a person who many conquered territories in his lifetime. For example, â€Å"Now he wasShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Power By Alexander The Great, Genghis Khan, And Julius Caesar2187 Words   |  9 PagesThe Rise to Power All great leaders have many similarities with one another. Leaders all over the globe have the ability to gain the support of their people and to keep it, which is definitely a challenge, but generally the way that’s done is the same for all leaders. But, the differences between leader’s characters and choices can be vastly different. This paper will discuss three great leaders named Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and Julius Caesar, particularly how they inspired their peopleRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of Empires1852 Words   |  8 PagesWhat makes a great empire? In the history of mankind, there have been many empires that have been termed as â€Å"great†. But what made them great and how did they become great? Often times, the things that made them great can also be their downfall. There are countless empires that have risen and fallen-the Islamic Empire, the Mongolian Empire, the Chinese Empire, the Roman Empire, the Inca Empire, the Aztec Empire, the Bri tish Empire; the list goes on and on. Each of them had a distinct advantage thatRead MoreThe Most Successful Empire: the Roman or the Mongol? Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pageshad conquered the most land. Although both of the two empires were highly successful, but in my opinion, the Roman empire was more successful because they lasted much longer, was ruled by many successful and powerful leaders such as Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great, and also because it left behind many positive legacies that are still being used today. The Romans left behind a substantial amount of remarkable legacies that are still standing or still have an immensely large impact on the worldRead MoreGenghis Khan And The Making Of The Modern World2297 Words   |  10 Pages05/05/2016 Global History 151 Paper #2 Book Review: Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World In this book, Weatherford essentially aims to show a different side of Genghis Khan, one that differs from the negative views that people commonly associate with him. Weatherford primarily aims at making the reader understand Genghis Khan on a more personal level by describing his life long events. Rather than just viewing Genghis as a conqueror such as Alexander the Great or Julius Caesar, WeatherfordRead MoreWorld History Final Exam Study Guide1374 Words   |  6 Pages6/14/12 History: a study of the past Civilization: an advanced state of human society, in which  a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached. Historian: Someone who studies the past Archaeologist: Someone who studies the past by looking at artifacts Fossil: Natural remains Artifact: Man-made remains Anthropologist: Someone who studies the past by looking at the culture of ancient civilizations Paleontologist: Someone who studies the past by looking at fossils Read MoreGenghis Khan s Success By Bloodshed, Violence, And War2090 Words   |  9 PagesMatheus Bergonzine HIST 115 – World History I November 17, 2014 Instructor: Dr. Marc D. Froese It is beyond argument that Genghis Khan’s success was accompanied by bloodshed, violence, and war. Nonetheless, the young boy who would later become one of the greatest conquerors of all time created his own destiny. He was raised in a cruel tribal environment with no proper schooling. Before he even reached puberty, Genghis killed his own half-brother and escaped from kidnappers all by himself (WeatherfordRead MoreThe Roman Empires Emulation of the Greeks1597 Words   |  6 Pagesseparated England from the Irish Sea to the North Sea. The Roman Empire expanded past Turkey into Egypt, an immense expansion that would only be rivaled by Genghis Khan. While Greece can be referred to as a civilization of knowledge, the Romans were able to apply the new rational thinking into empire building that surpassed Alexander the Great. Roman art, architecture, religion even entertainment are highly innovative forms of the Greek culture before it. The Roman Empire emulated Greece and the At heniansRead MoreEvaluation And Interpretation Of Sources2187 Words   |  9 PagesKennedy administration bring a peaceful end to a dangerous situation. III. Reflection The study of history has often been approached in a manner that reflects a belief that great historical eras can be taught or studied with the study of a few ruling or important men. This approach, known as â€Å"great man history,† would focus on men such as Julius Caesar, Genghis Khan, or Alexander the Great in order to study their respective eras. However, this approach does not hold up well when approaching theRead MoreKing Karl s : The Forgotten Tactician3708 Words   |  15 PagesKarl XII: The Forgotten Tactician Who do you think of when you hear someone ask about who the great military tacticians in history are? Most people would think of Napoleon Bonaparte of France, Gaius Julius Caesar of Rome, Hannibal Barca of Carthage, Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Genghis Khan of Mongolia, Erich von Manstein of Germany, and Erwin Rommel of Germany. All of these tacticians are great and I would put many of them on my top list of tacticians and some as the very top. However thereRead MoreMilitary and Corporate Strategy7776 Words   |  32 PagesBedford Forrest during the American Civil War, had only one: to get there first with the most men. The principles of military strategy can be found around 500 BC in the works of Sun Tzu and Chanakya. The campaigns of Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Qin Shi Huang, Julius Cà ¦sar, have demonstrated strategic planning and movement. Early strategies included the strategy of annihilation, exhaustion, attrition warfare, scorched earth action, blockade, guerilla campaign, deception and feint. Ingenuity

Corruption in Annawadi Essay Example For Students

Corruption in Annawadi Essay With depressive emotion, I finish reading the book Behind the Beautiful Forevers by Katherine Boo. The book talking about Husain familys story and other people in the slum in Mumbai. Everyone seeks opportunity to make money. Though everyone is poor, the poor people bully the poorer people. Life, death, and hope in a Mumbai undercity is the subtitle of the book, but I think there is another keyword for the subtitle corruption. Corruption is a big issue in Annawadi, and it is the main reason to cause the society and economy cannot improve. In other words, corruption makes the wealth inequality worse. Although, corruption in short-term can help people to make money, in long-term corruption increasing the gap between poor and rich people, and keep the whole society from improving. In short-term, people bribe, manipulate, lie, cheat, and sell themselves in order to make money. However, in the long-term, people make money is hard, but money make money is fast. For instance, the process Sunil makes money is very difficult he could not solve the food problem. Then, Sunil sells the pot and his fathers shoes to learn to make money. This process is long and hard. On the contrary, Asha, for example, she can get money easily in many corruptive ways. She knows that people like to ask her for help, and she helps them only when she can get financial profit. Therefore, she sometimes makes problems for people and then waiting for people to ask her for help in order to get money. Thus, the poor people become more and more poor, and rich people become more and more rich. However, corruption limits security, stability, dignity, and even life of people in Annawadi. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Right, Article 25 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. We know that health care is required for people. People need to be strong and healthy to go to work. Otherwise, they cannot make money and fend their family, or even being tortured by sick. According to the book, Mumbais public hospitals were supposed to do such operations for next to nothing, but the hospital surgeons wanted under-the-table money. Sixty thousand rupees, said the surgeon at Sion Hospital. The doctor at cooper Hospital wanted more. (24) The surgeons get under-the-table money corruptly cause the cheap fee raised up so that so many patients cannot have treatment. This happened to Mr. Kamble, Mr. Kamble had been one of Annawadis great successes a man deemed worthy of titles like ji or mister until the day he collapsed while cleaning a shitter. (24) Even Mr. Kamble cannot afford the fee of operation, then not to say the poor people. Most time lower class people even lose dignity and life. For example, Unidentified body, the Sahar Police decided without looking for the scavengers family. Died of tuberculosis, the Cooper Hospital morgue pathologist concluded without an autopsy. Thokale, the police office handling the case, wanted to move fast, for he had business with B. M. Patil Medical college in Bijapur. Its anatomy department required twenty-five unclaimed cadavers for dissection, and this one rounded out the order. The doctors and the policies do not responsible for their work they just want to move fast. In this corrupt place, life is as weak as nothing. Corruption creates wealth inequality by ignoring the importance of education. Educated people can find a good job, or can create a job by themselves, and people who are not been educated has no job, or have a job with very low salary. .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 , .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 .postImageUrl , .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 , .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2:hover , .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2:visited , .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2:active { border:0!important; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2:active , .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2 .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13af411079011feb5d8f5530250a65f2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Preparation of 1-Bromobutane from 1-Butanol by Sn2 Reaction EssaySo education is important for people and the society. However, the education system is very lack because corruption in Annawadi. Its totally against with Article 26 in Universal Declaration of Human Right, everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. In Annawadi, for free education, Nearly 60 percent of the states public school teachers hadnt finished college, and many of the permanent teachers had paid large under-the-table sums to schools officials to secure their positions. (63) Those teachers because a position for people to make money they are not really teachers. At Marol, we paly, take recess, paly again, then have lunch, was how the Nepali boy, Adarsh, described the municipal school curriculum. (63) The teachers dont teach, and students dont study. The school is more like day care. Education has become a opportunity for corruption. Furthermore, school that is not free charge very high fees so that only a few families can afford it. For instance, Zehrunisa expected Mirchi to pass ninth grade at the third-rate Urdu-language private school for which they paid three hundred rupees a year. Theyd had to pay, since spreading education opportunity was not among the Indian governments strong suits. The free municipal school near the airport stopped at eighth grade, and its teachers often didnt show up. 13) Therefore, the lower class only can get to free education can learn nothing. Family which can afford the pricey tuition can be educated and find a job and become richer. Consequently, the economic gap become larger. When seeking out opportunity, peoples desire has thoroughly exposed selfish and envious. They dont share, and dont help each other. Everyone has their own secret that they dont want anyone know. his general approach toward his neighbor was this the better I know you, the more I will dislike you, and the more you will dislike me. So let us keep to ourselves. They are lack of share experiences. Moreover, according to the context, Sunil found a fellow scavenger lying in the mud Now the mans leg was mashed and bloody, and he was calling out to passersby for help Thousands of people passed this way every morning At 230 p. m. , a Shiv sena man made a call to a friend in the Sahar Police Station about a corpse that was disturbing small children. At 4 p. m. , constables enlisted other scavengers to load the body into a police van, so that the constables wouldnt catch the diseases that trash-pickers were known to carry. Thousands of people pass by and see the injured man, but no one sent him to the hospital. What a tragedy Humanity is diminishing. This community is too apathy. Because there is no benefit for helping the man, and people dont want to get into trouble, then this man dead. Same example as I mentioned before, Mr. Kamble ask help for Asha, but Asha envy of Mr. Kamble and think his payment is less, so she rejects to give any practical help to him. It is hard to improve a country that no one helps each other and share experiences. As you can see, Annawadis corruption through health care, education, and relationship in peoples life. Corruption makes the community dark. All the thing that people care about is money and themselves. People who give doctor and under-the-table money can become healthy and strong then go to work to make money, and people who cannot afford it lost job and waiting for death. Therefore, the wealth gap become larger and larger. Education also makes this issue worse. To better the country, the government need to focus on health care and education. People need have a closer relationship, to help others, to share.

Niels Bohr Essays (183 words) - Atomic Physics, Chemical Properties

Niels Bohr October 21, 1998 Niels Bohr Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen, he is the son of a physiology professor, and went to school at the University of Copenhagen, this is where he got his doctorate in 1911. Bohr won the Nobel piece prize for his theory of atomic structures. According to Microsoft Encarta His work drew on Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, in which the atom is seen as a compact nucleus surrounded by a swarm of much lighter electrons. He thought that electrons are arranged in definite shells, or quantum levels, at a big distance from the nucleus. The arrangement of these electrons is called the electron configuration. The number of these electrons equals the atomic number if the atom; hydrogen has a single electron, helium has 2, and uranium has 92. The electron shells are built from a first shell to a total of seven shells. The first shell is complete with two electrons, the second can hold up to eight electrons, and the following shells hold larger numbers. The last electrons determine the chemical behavior of the atom. Science Essays

Free Essays on Sir Issac Newpn

Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor-farming family. He was not a good farmer at all. So he was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher. He then was influenced by Euclid to study mathematics. That was around the time when he made most of his significant discoveries. With his ignorance he waited to later in life to show the world his calculations. Which he didn’t publish most of his work. Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering in 1679. He continued his calculations of the orbits of the planets. Again, he didn’t publish his calculations. After a while he started devoting his time to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside. Which he lied to Halley telling him he had lost them. Halley who then became interested in orbits, finally had become interested in orbits, then he convinced Newton to expand and publish his calculations. He spent from August 1684 till spring 1686 to this task. After he had published them in result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all time. In book 1 of Principia, Newton opened with definitions and the tree laws of motion now known as Newton’s Law (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force). Book 2 presented Newton’s new scientific philosophy, which came to replace Cartesianism. Finally, book 3 consisted of applications of his dynamics, including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar motion. He then made another theory which he sooner confirmed, that when Saturn gets close to Jupiter it slows down cause of the universal gravitational pull. Then Flamsteed wrote back in great surprise that he was right. They then did really close observation to make sure they were right. These rules were stated in the Principia and proposed that (1) we are to admit no more causes of natural things such as are both true and... Free Essays on Sir Issac Newpn Free Essays on Sir Issac Newpn Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor-farming family. He was not a good farmer at all. So he was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher. He then was influenced by Euclid to study mathematics. That was around the time when he made most of his significant discoveries. With his ignorance he waited to later in life to show the world his calculations. Which he didn’t publish most of his work. Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering in 1679. He continued his calculations of the orbits of the planets. Again, he didn’t publish his calculations. After a while he started devoting his time to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside. Which he lied to Halley telling him he had lost them. Halley who then became interested in orbits, finally had become interested in orbits, then he convinced Newton to expand and publish his calculations. He spent from August 1684 till spring 1686 to this task. After he had published them in result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all time. In book 1 of Principia, Newton opened with definitions and the tree laws of motion now known as Newton’s Law (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force). Book 2 presented Newton’s new scientific philosophy, which came to replace Cartesianism. Finally, book 3 consisted of applications of his dynamics, including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar motion. He then made another theory which he sooner confirmed, that when Saturn gets close to Jupiter it slows down cause of the universal gravitational pull. Then Flamsteed wrote back in great surprise that he was right. They then did really close observation to make sure they were right. These rules were stated in the Principia and proposed that (1) we are to admit no more causes of natural things such as are both true and...

14 Things You Should Never Say at Work

14 Things You Should Never Say at Work No matter how smart you are- or think you are- or how well you’re doing in your career, it’s always possible to make sure you’re not doing anything to sabotage yourself. There are a ton of little things you can do to fine-tune your conversation skills- eliminating corporate clichà ©s, getting rid of less-than-confident-sounding filler, and limiting your use of negative words. Here are a few words and phrases to weed out of your conversation in the office, for your own success.1. â€Å"Just†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I just wanted to†¦ † â€Å"I was just†¦ † â€Å"I just thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These are all basically code for â€Å"I’m sorry to bother you.† You’re not bothering anyone; you’re contributing. You’re doing your job. You’re probably delivering something necessary to a coworker. Start to notice how often you throw â€Å"just† as if trying to ask permission. Be less meek!2. â€Å"Unfair†N othing is fair. Even if you’re stating the obvious truth, stay quiet. You’ll only sound negative and immature. Stay constructive and keep your head above the fray.3. â€Å"Sorry†Especially â€Å"sorry, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Don’t apologize for asking for things, for taking up space, or for having ideas. Especially when you’re not actually sorry.4. â€Å"This is how it’s always been done.†Congratulations, you sound lazy and resistant to change. Like an old dog that can’t learn new and innovative tricks. Keep an open mind to new ways of doing things and better ideas.5. â€Å"I’m no expert, but†¦ †Women so often preface everything they say with this kind of qualifying phrase. You want to avoid sounding pushy or arrogant, but it’s just silly. Own your ideas. Just don’t be pushy or arrogant, and you’ll be fine.6. â€Å"This is a stupid question/silly idea†¦Ã¢â‚¬ You’re immediately s etting yourself up to look like you don’t belong at the big kids’ table. There are no stupid questions, not really. And sometimes silly ideas are the ones that turn a company around. Think before you speak, but don’t qualify what you say as trivial before you’ve even said it.7. â€Å"I’ll try.†Yoda perhaps said it best. â€Å"Do or do not. There is no try.†8. â€Å"It’s not my fault.†Even if this is true, you sound like you can’t take responsibility for anything. Roll your sleeves up and get your hands dirty trying to come up with a solution, rather than shirking blame.9. â€Å"I can’t.†If you were your boss, what would you think hearing that? That you’re unwilling to give it your best effort?10. â€Å"I hate this job.†I mean, really. You should know not to let this one slip already. Even in jest.11. â€Å"Like†Try to avoid talking like a valley girl (or like Shoshanna on HBOâ₠¬â„¢s Girls). Try to keep stupid filler words out of your sentences and avoid the supremely annoying speech tic that is â€Å"vocal fry.† If you’re an up talker? That’s always raising your pitch? At the end of every sentence? Try training yourself to read aloud lowering your arm every time you reach a period.12. 🙂   You don’t need to use emoji to express cheerfulness or camaraderie at work. That’s for your friends. Keep the cutesy and the capslock and the exclamation points for your iMessages and leave your work words unadorned.13. â€Å"Does that make sense?†It probably did before you asked. Don’t second guess yourself mid-explanation. That will only lead your coworkers to second guess you too.14. â€Å"You look tired.†Never tell anyone this, no matter how true it is. They’ll just feel awful about themselves. And you’ll look like a jerk.

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Edgar Allan Poe - Essay Example As Quinn (119) states, at the age of 18 Poe joined the United States army claiming that he was 22 years old and served there for two years. He released his first book of poetry named ‘Tamerlane and Other Poems’, relying on his salaries from the army. However the book got little noticed in the market. Frank (5) illustrates Poe’s biography that in 1829 when he was 20 years old, Poe enlisted in the west point military academy but unfortunately got dismissed just after one year; again in 1831 he moved to Baltimore where his aunt Eliza Clemm had lived. From there, he fell in love with his young cousin Virginia whom he married later. This marriage and thereby increased family obligations influenced him to think about a new income source. In 1833 he won a contest for his story ‘MS found in a Battle’. As described in the article ‘Edgar Allan Poe’ on www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/130 , Poe enthusiastically accepted the post of an editor as well as contributor of the Southern Literary Messenger. Subsequently, he worked with other publications such as Gentleman’s Magazine, Graham’s Magazine, Evening Mirror and Godey’s Lady’s Book; and it was the starting point of his career as an appreciated critic and essayist.

Visible and invisible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Visible and invisible - Essay Example Usually, it is from â€Å"space† that we explore the spatial zones in architecture and the external surroundings. This techniques existence has been for quite a while in construction since the inception of architecture as a form of art. When designing it, there has to be planning as it determines a lot on the outcome for a piece of architecture. This piece discusses space and its implication to architecture with the intent of highlighting its usefulness within the architectural setting whilst propagating useful ideologies. Visible spaces entail those areas that can be conceivable by the mind on an architecture material and in the real sense; they are observable in the physical world. Moreover, invisible space in most cases is an illusion emanating from one’s thought upon observing any form of architectural works (Blundell- jones, Petrescu & Till 23. Prior to a person, joining an architectural school, space is the first thing of which he/she is taught. According to Blundell- jones Petrescu &, Till (115), it is a form of experience that motivates artists towards creativity. Space involves a graphic abstraction when intending to convey a meaning to the audiences or those using the architectural component. By knowing aspects that are existent or have been constructed, unknown concepts are comprehensible. We can reverse an image that is in the physical form to a space. Therefore, the idea for use in this case is exploring the unknown to known using visible spaces. According to Blundell- jones, Petre scu & Till (125), spatial boundaries and connection are created by the mind upon conceiving a piece of artworks. In most cases, space relies on the construction already in place such as a building or the existing natural environment. This is to mean that the idea of using space is not a nouvelle concept in the field of architecture. It is from it that creativity emanated and other ideologies associated with creative construction such as

Islam View on Pornography Essay Example for Free

Islam View on Pornography Essay Admonition on pornography from Quran and Hadith Islam on Pornography: A Definite No Such pictures, rather than curb or fulfill the desire, are designed to increase it inducing one to further prohibited acts and finally Zina (adultery or fornication). This is corroborated by the hadith of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) appearing in both Al-Bukhari and Muslim explaining the different categories of adultery: Lustful glances constitute Zina of the eyes. Listening (to flirtations or lewd talks or songs) constitute Zina of the ears. (Licentious and lewd) speech constitutes Zina of the tongue. The (lustful) grip of the hand constitutes its Zina, and the movement of the feet (toward the act of Zina) is likewise. The heart lusts and desires. These are then either fulfilled by the private parts or rejected. † (Riyad As-Saliheen) Verses From Al-Quran Surely God enjoins justice, kindness and the doing of good, to kith and kin; and He forbids all that is shameful, indecent, evil, rebellious and oppressive. Allah knows best. He knows His creation. He knows that we are weak. Therefore, He likes us to stay away from shameful things. Verily those who love that indecenc Sahih Muslim Dont expose your thigh to anyone and dont look at the thigh of any person even if s/he is dead. Narrated Ali ibn abi Talib. Ibn e Maja, Abi Dawud, Darqutani. Tafseer Kabeer Allah has written for Adams son his share of adultery which he commits inevitably. The adultery of the eyes is the sight (to gaze at a forbidden thing), the adultery of the tongue is the talk, and the inner self wishes and desires and the private parts testify all this or deny it. Abu Hurairah. Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud.

The Waste Land Essay -- Literary Analysis, T.S. Eliot

Faulkner presents sexual desire in The Sound and the Fury as a paradox of both entrapment and freedom. As he works his way through the nonlinear piece, information about sexuality of the characters, sexual symbols, and unfilled desire present themselves, each commenting on one another directly and indirectly. T. S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Waste Land† serves as a helpful lens in understanding the requirements to escape the waste land of the ruined Compson family by providing a backdrop on which The Sound and the Fury can be projected. In The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner experiments with the placement of the individual in respect to time and other characters in order to introduce sexual discourse in a way that comments on the necessity of sexual understanding in the modern world. T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Waste Land† offers an interpretation of the modern world that on one hand underscores the disillusionment of the future in a world that is fragmented and bare, and on the other hand, presents a case for recognizing freedom and meaning in the â€Å"heap of broken images† that make up the modern climate. The opening segment â€Å"The Burial of the Dead† looks toward a future that is composed of fragments and paradox. The fragments in the waste land that is presented are that of memory. More specifically, the fragments represent a failure in the human condition to connect memories of the past to those of the present in a way that is hopeful and inspiring. Jewel Spears Brooker and Joseph Bentley present this concept in Reading the Waste Land: Modernism and the Limits of Interpretation. Here they describe a waste land in which â€Å"She [Marie] perceives the dualistic and paradoxical present as cruel because, in remembering the past and intuiting the future, sh... ...cter’s sexual desires but rather puts forth bits of imagery to suggest a meaning. This allows for the reader to interpret which version of sexual desire is the best. In a way, the text offers as many interpretations of sexuality in the modern sense as there are readers since the source of sexual desire is not always clearly stated. Faulkner implements in this way a circular logic to understand sexuality in the modern world, it is the cause of moral decay in the modern world, yet sexual desire is born out of the need to piece together the modern world in some way. Ultimately, one can read The Sound and the Fury through the lens of Eliot’s â€Å"The Waste Land† to gather the importance of hanging on to just enough of the past while surging toward the future, allowing desires to take hold and guide the characters to a destination that offers insight into one’s self.

FIT ME IN Essay

4th Floor, Sunshine Plaza Building FTI Complex, Taguig City Presented to the Faculty of Department of Information Technology Education AMA Computer Learning Center College By: Norjie D. Ditucalan Sumille D. Gomez Chapter 1 Background Study Nowadays, in a highly technological society, human productivity is made more efficient through the development of electronic gadgets. More advanced technology is now being introduced. One of the best examples is the computer based database. Now, with the advent of such modernization in health, one way to globalize the process of research is to realize that technology advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Computers are not confined to being used for entertainment but its role in health maintenance is also vast. Companies and business establishments use computer based system to provide information to their clients, employees, costumers, and especially to the management. In Fitness Gym, recording details are written down on record books. A record book is a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someonewith their personal information provided. It is also organized for use and maintained by an employee, or a private individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in any format and from many sources. The employee has to keep the room neat so that it is conductive the fitness activity. The gym employee is also the person who is liable for monitoring all the records in the said establishment. The proponent will propose a computerized recording system for the FEM GYM. The gym is still utilizing a manual system. The costumers and the employees still use a logbook in writing down the information and records of each client. This system is to provide facilities for users to enter information into the system  directly, instead of passing the information usually on paper. Objectives of the Study General Objective Generally, the proponent’s purpose in designing the system is to help the operation of FEM Fitness Gym with regards to their records. This system will be able to help the said establishment to find their records accurate and promptly. Also to change the manual system of their daily recording. It will lessen the time of the employee in searching the costumer’s record and computerized their costumers profile sheet. It introduces a new way of informing and updating the operation of FEM Gym. Specific Objectives 1. To provides an organize file inside the gym. 2. To make it easier for the employees and costumer to find their records. 3. To make it easier for the employees to input information for the new members Scope of the Study This system deals with searching of accurate information with regards to FEM Fitness Gym. Just by simply pointing and clicking the mouse on the search button and let the user display the information needed on the screen. The user can also check the time consumed by the costumer and input how much they have to pay. It also updates the membership status of each client. Significance of the study This study provides a great advantage to the employee and the owner. The system was designed to make filing information and sorting of records easier and more convenient. It is easy to manipulate and functional to the employee and the owner. Moreover the software was designed with the security code or password to secure all files and records from unauthorized users. Chapter 2 RELATED LITERATURE This chapter will discuss the theoretical framework that illustrates paradigm of existing system and the study of the system. This will be followed by a review of the related literature of the previous writings and research done by the distinguished authorities, which have significant impact on the  problem under investigation. This places the current study into the context of previous, related research. Such as, the literature review emphasizes the relatedness between the current study and the works of the other authors. FOREIGN STUDIES A record is any information –text, number, image, or voice kept for future reference. As a civil servant or even as a business man, you need to realise how vital an efficient records management system is to the smooth operation of an organisation. The main purpose of a records management system is to make sure records are available when needed so that the organization can operate efficiently. Such a system fulfils this purpose in several ways by: âž ¢ Using storage media âž ¢ Providing proper storage equipment and supplies âž ¢ Outlining procedures for filing âž ¢ Developing an efficient retrieval procedure âž ¢ Setting up a schedule for when records should be kept or discarded. An office cannot operate without records. Records are kept so that you and others in the office can refer to the information later or use it to complete another task. That is why many business and other organizations have records management system such a system will help you store and retrieve records efficiently and keep the file current. RECORD SYSTEMS: There are several systems we can keep our records. Some of them are as follows: âÅ"“ The Book File System : This is the method of filing whereby all minutes are enclosed from the left-hand side, face to cover, in chronological order and are numbered in the same fashion as the book. The first page is the oldest paper in the file. âÅ"“ The Split File System: This is the method of filing whereby all minutes are put on the left hand side of the file and separately numbered, while letters, both incoming and outgoing, are placed on the right hand side and numbered consecutively from the bottom to the top†¦ Excerpt from Record Management Facilities by AsogwaSylve, (2010). In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general. The excerpt was stated by Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995). Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, and to science and technology education according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article XIV, Section 10). Since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department as indicated by Jeffrey A. Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996). A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of data. That is the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained as stated by Abraham Silberschatz, Database System Concepts (1999). A database is an organized collection of facts and information. An organizations database can contain facts and information on customers, employees, inventory, competitors, sales information and much more. Most Managers and executive believe a database is one of the most valuable and important parts of a computer-based Information System in accordance with Ralph M. Stair’s Fundamentals of Information System (2001). LOCAL STUDIES In the old days, business was done using papers and flat registers. The organization of these registers was difficult and the storage of huge amounts of data was a real problem. Also, the process of preparing a report takes a lot of time. But when computers were introduced into the business  field, everything had changed. Databases were used to store huge amounts of data and organize them. Instead of spending many hours (or maybe days) preparing a report, a query consisting of a number of statements can perform the job in some seconds. Although databases were very useful, another problem has appeared. Companies and corporations spread over wide distances. A single company can have branches in all the governorates of a country and maybe with some branches outside that country. Data communicating and sharing was a problem. This problem was solved using computer networks which are the best way for data communicating. Nowadays, computer networks are essential for any business. Computer networks are used for file transfer, voice and video conferencing. For this reason, we have chosen our final project to discuss networks from different sides†¦ Excerpt from DESIGNING A BANK NETWORK (2010). In the past, history has it that the act of â€Å"RECORD KEEPING† were basically performed on tablets, stone, Animal skin and many other forms of record keeping were also designed .However, over the years, with the advent of modern technology, things have changed tremendously for better. Science and researches have come up with an efficient electronic machine called â€Å"computer† that can perform wonders in various capacity and of such is the record keeping. No single development within the past five decades has a greater impact on record keeping system, accounting and business management system than the advent of computer application (wikipedia). Computers are widely used in the field of engineering, medicine, education, automobile technology, agriculture, economic planning e.t.c. However, the most spectacular growth has been in the field of business organization. Similarly, tasks such as record keeping which requires repetition for various sets of data are ideally suited for computer system. Excerpt from the article of THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER APPLICTION ON RECORD KEEPINGBY AHMAD UMAR DEWA CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The academic motivation underlying the above aims is to systematically explore whether a new conceptual coherence can be developed within the field of action oriented research such that the current ordering process could be  conceptually assimilated, further clarified, brought to sharper focus, usefully applicable. This standard type of framework shows the input we are proposing and the process that has to be done then the outcome of it. InputProcessOutput The conceptual framework shows that the existing process of the establishment in FEM Fitness Gym, Maharlika Road Branch, Taguig is a manual process wherein they find their records/files manually and they write the costumer’s information. In this process the gym operations consumes too much time and effort or wasting in finding their records while our proposed system process, help the gym to find their record promptly. Also change their manual system of their daily recording. It will lessen the time of the employee in searching the costumer’s record and computerized input of information. Definiton of Terms Record keeping Record keeping refers to the retention of records deemed important to a person, company or any other establishment. This goes hand in hand with records management, which is the creation, retention, filing, storage, to final disposition. Database A database is an organized collection of data. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information. For example, modeling the availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with vacancies. FILES This page describes the term file and lists other pages on the Web where you can find additional information. FITNESS GYM A health club (also known as a fitness club, fitness center, and commonly referred to as a gym) is a place which houses exercise equipmentfor the purpose of physical exercise. VISUAL BASIC Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language and  integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model first released in 1991. Microsoft intends Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use.[1][2] Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. The scripting language VBScript is a subset of Visual Basic. MY SQL also called â€Å"My Sequel† (as of July 2013) the world’s most widely usedopen-source relational database management system(RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases, thoughSQLite probably has more total embedded deployments. It is named after co-founder Michael Widenius’s daughter, My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language. CODES A code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture) into another – usually shortened orcovert- form or representation (one sign into another sign), not necessarily of the same type. SEARCH BOX A search box or search field is a common GUI element used in computer programs, such as file managers or web browsers, and on web sites. A search box is usually a single-line text boxwith the dedicated function of accepting user input to be searched for in a database. Search boxes on web pages are usually used to allow users to enter a query to be submitted to a Web search engine server-side script, where an index database is queried for entries that contain one or more of the user’s keywords. Chapter 3 Research Methodology Descriptive Method It was argued that archival description is not simply an aid to discovery and retrieval3. Instead, it is integral to documenting knowledge about records and the circumstances in which they are made and kept – essential knowledge  for the records to exist as records and serve their principal use as evidence. In other words, the primary purpose of documentation or finding aids is not repository control or the facilitation of access but as an indispensable component in the making and keeping of records. In the paper world, it was possible to lose sight of this because archival methods based on the ‘life cycle’ separated the preparation of finding aids in time from other documentation activities. Archivists acquired custody of records no longer in current use and preserved them by physically segregating them into provenance-based fonds in an order reflecting their last practical use. This fixity of placement and arrangement was replicated in finding aids which did l ittle more than represent the physical organisation of the records in boxes and on shelves. In this last ‘archival’ phase of the life cycle, such finding aids contribute little to recordkeeping (merely duplicating physical placement, which has been the chief recordkeeping tool known to the archivist). Finding aids also give value-added knowledge of context, but even here archivists have allowed themselves to become ‘collection’ focused. Archivists have documented contextual knowledge only insofar as it related to the records they held, being the small quantity of records which have survived appraisal (or competition for deposit) and which happened to have been transferred to their custody. Context has been documented only insofar as it was necessary to describe records in custody. Contextual descriptions have become, therefore, merely adjuncts to and enhancements of the listings of records held – little more than additional descriptors to an item list – not documentation of a recordkeeping system. Not surprisingly, such finding aids c ame to be seen as being principally aids to discovery and retrieval. Their prospective users (those for whom they were written) were ‘researchers’ whose perceived information needs came to dominate archival descriptive practice. Traditional descriptive methods were used to portray an entity in which it was assumed all relevant features of structure were to be found physically embodied in the material being portrayed and to which necessary contextual knowledge could be attached as a descriptive enhancement rather than to show relationships with other descriptive entities (not necessarily records). This traditional descriptive model or ‘system’ informs much of the work which has so far gone into recent descriptive standards efforts. The International Council on Archives (ICA)  standards claim to be independent of both technological and methodological systems, though I have argued in Part 1 that they are dependent on, and limited by, the assumptions implicit in the traditional methods they largely reflect. Name: Position: Questionnaire 1.Do you encounter record problems? Like lost of record sheets? How? Why? 2.Are you willing to change your recording method from to computerized? Why? 3.What are the problems usually occurs? 4.Are you convinced that the manual recording reflect with the income of your business is accurate? 5.If you’re going to develop your recording process, what features would you like to add? 6.Are there any information sources of information which I should be aware? 7.How would your customers know their membership status? 8.How often do you check your membership status? Week Year Month Other 9.What is the current membership status of your customers? 10.We name this system as â€Å"Fit Me In†, Do you want it to be change? If yes, give any suggestions. Name: Position: Survey 1.How long you’ve been running this fitness gym? Months Year/s 2.Is it hard to keep recording/ attendance sheet of your customer? Yes No 3. Any changes you want to change to improve the process on your work? User-friendly Secured Easy to Update 4.Do you encountered lost of records? Yes No 5. Are you convinced with the manual transaction when it comes to security? Yes No Data Flow Diagram

Consideration is the essential element Essay

Introduction 1 According to Lord Pollock’s definition of consideration which is an act or forbearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought and the promise thus given for value is enforceable.2 Besides that, consideration must be something of value given or promised in exchange for the promise given by the other party in order for a valid contract to be formed.3 The term â€Å"something of value† can be defined as a payment, an act or services, an object or giving up legal right. There are certain rules of consideration that have been established in the precedent case. The first rule of consideration is it will only exist when a contract is to be enforceable.4 Secondly, a good consideration can be done in the present and future but not the past.5 A consideration can be done even though the promisor has no knowledge of it.6 The fourth rule of consideration is it does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic.7 Also, consideration must be tangible and cannot be too vague. 8 Lastly, consideration must be legally sufficient in the eye of the law.9 The objective of this research essay is to discuss and explain the rule of the consideration which is consideration does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic but it has to be sufficient and how these legal concepts relate to the cases. Thus, this research essay also discusses whether Australia contract law should provide greater clarity about what is sufficient consideration. Consideration can be Nominal It is one of the rules of consideration where consideration does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic.10 This rule simply means that the price in return does not have to be right.11 Thus, court will not look into whether the price is adequate or not, as long as some price is paid, the court will not look further about it. Even though it is a very low price or a nominal price is paid or promised, the price might be a price in name only. The case of Thomas v Thomas12is often cited on this rule. In the case of Thomas v Thomas where Thomas was ill and he had made a will but had made no provision for his wife’s residence after his death. He called his executor and requested that when he died his wife could live in his house until her demise. The executor agreed and later drew up an agreement with  the Thomas’s wife. She was requires to pay $ 1.00 per year to stay in the house until she died. The court held that, any amount of money is enough to support a contract even though the price that requires to paid was only a nominal price. Thus, the court will not look behind the price as long as a price is paid or promised. Through the case of Thomas v Thomas, it shows that any some of money even it is small or nominal, it will constitute good consideration for a contract.13 Besides that, the court are not involved in the price detailed for two reason which the first is the â€Å"freedom of contract† principle applies and the second reason is that the case wouldn’t end if the court did look into more detail of the price to be paid.14 Furthermore, consideration does not only express in currency terms, it can also be anything valuable. This concept has been stated in the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd.15 In the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd, Nestle want to promote their sale of the chocolate, they offered recorded music to the public for the sterling equivalent of 15 cents, but buyers had to also send in the wallpaper from three 5 cents chocolate bar. Where, Chappell owned the copyright of one of tunes in the free record so they charge Nestle 6.25% of the retail selling price. Chappell claimed revenue of 6.25% of the record price plus the value of three chocolate bar wrappers. The court held that the empty wrappers were part of revenue collected. The fact that the empty wrappers have no intrinsic value to Nestle was irrelevant. Thus, the consideration for the free record was the money plus the value of three chocolate bars wrappers. As we can see from the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd, the chocolate bars wrappers would have constituted sufficient consideration in the eye of the law.16 Therefore, consideration does not only express in money term, it can also be anything that is valuable. Consideration must be tangible This is another rule of consideration where it must not be too vague or indefinite.17 Consideration must be tangible but not nebulous.18 This has been shown in the case of White v Bluett.19 In White v Bluett, a son  borrowed money from his father and signed a â€Å"promissory note† to prove the debt. He notices that similar loans were made by his father to his brother without a note having been signed. He harassed his father, and his father told him that he would forgive the repayment of debt if the son ceases the harassment. After the father died, the administrator of the estate found out the note and sued the son but the son argued that the debt had been forgiven in consideration of his undertaking to cease harassment. The court held that there is no consideration as the promise was too vague to have legally recognized value. From the case of White v Bluett, it shown that if a promise is relied on as consideration is too vague and indefinite that the courts will not enforced it and it will not constitute consideration.20 Consideration must be Legally Sufficient This rule simply mean that consideration must be sufficient and it must have a legally value recognised value.21 Thus, a mere moral obligation or the natural love and affection do not deliver sufficient consideration.22 This has been shown in the case of Eastwood v Kenyon.23 In this case, as a guardian, Eastwood had incurred many expenses for the girl. 24 As an adult, the girl and her husband Kenyon promised to pay Eastwood.25 At the end, they refuse to pay back then Kenyon was sued upon this promise. Therefore, the situation show that such a moral obligation is not a consideration.26 Besides that, in general rule a promise to perform an existing obligation is not a sufficient consideration as it promises no more than what that party already bound to do.27The rule expresses the concept of illusory consideration. Thus, when there is a promise not to sue, or when there is an abandon to a claim, it can be a sufficient consideration. This has been shown in the case of Wigan v Edward28. Where the court decision is that, given that the buyer honestly believed that they do not need to settle unless he rectified the defects, the compromise of that belief provided good consideration for the builder’s promise.29 Furthermore, performing an obligation under a pre-existing contract is not a good consideration for a new promise for extra payment unless the performance of the obligation requires additional tasks to be completed or  involves providing additional practical benefit to the promisor.30 The additional practical benefit is an exception to the rule that a promise to carry out a pre-existing duty may create valid consideration. This has been show in the case of Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors).31 In Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls, Roffey were a firm of builders contracted to renovate a block of flats. Their own contract contained a penalty clause for late completion, so it was in their interest to finish the work in time. Part of this work they sub-contracted to Williams. As work progressed, Williams fell behind schedule because, they claimed, they had not set an adequate price for the work. They negotiated a new deal with Roffey that an additional sum was to be pay on the completion of each building. When the next building was complete, Roffey refused to pay. The court held that, there was consideration in this case as the new agreement conferred additional practical benefit on Roffey, in particular an early completion would allow them to avoid the exercise of the penalty clause. As we can see from the case of Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls, a promise to perform an existing contractual duty does not provide valuable consideration but the case show that Roffey had provide additional practical benefit and then consideration exist. Conclusion In conclusion, consideration must be of sufficient value in the eye of law and it must be something that identifiable and tangible. Thus, it does not have to be commercially adequate to the promise as the parties are free to make their own bargains and the court will not get involve into the commercial adequacy.32 Therefore, Australia Contract Law should not provide greater clarity as it is a sufficient consideration.

The Doomed Journey of Panfilo de Narvaez in Florida

The Doomed Journey of Panfilo de Narvaez in Florida Panfilo de Narvaez (1470-1528) was born to an upper-class family in Vallenda, Spain. Although he was older than most Spaniards who sought their fortunes in the New World, he nevertheless was extremely active in the early conquest period. He was an important figure in the conquests of Jamaica and Cuba in the years between 1509 and 1512. He acquired a reputation for ruthlessness; Bartolome de Las Casas, who was a chaplain on the Cuba campaign, recounted horrible tales of massacres and chiefs being burned alive. In Pursuit of Cortes In 1518, the governor of Cuba, Diego Velazquez, had sent the young conquistador Hernan Cortes off to Mexico to begin the conquest of the mainland. Velazquez soon regretted his actions, however, and decided to place someone else in charge. He sent Narvaez, with a large force of more than 1,000 Spanish soldiers, to Mexico to take command of the expedition and send Cortes back to Cuba. Cortes, who was in the process of defeating the Aztec Empire, had to leave the recently subdued capital of Tenochtitlan to return to the coast to fight Narvaez. The Battle of Cempoala On May 28, 1520, the forces of the two conquistadores clashed at Cempoala, near present-day Veracruz, and Cortes won. Many of Narvaez’s soldiers deserted before and after the battle, joining Cortes. Narvaez himself was jailed in the port of Veracruz for the next two years, while Cortes retained control of the expedition and the vast wealth that came with it. A New Expedition Narvaez returned to Spain after being released. Convinced that there were more wealthy empires like the Aztecs to the north, he mounted an expedition that was doomed to become one of the most monumental failures in history. Narvaez got permission from King Charles V of Spain to mount an expedition into Florida. He set sail in April 1527 with five ships and about 600 Spanish soldiers and adventurers. Word of the riches earned by Cortes and his men made finding volunteers easy. In April 1528, the expedition landed in Florida, near present-day Tampa Bay. By then, many of the soldiers had deserted, and only about 300 men remained. Narvaez in Florida Narvaez and his men clumsily made their way inland, attacking every tribe they met. The expedition had brought insufficient supplies and survived by pillaging meager Native American storehouses, which caused violent retaliation. The conditions and lack of food caused many in the company to become ill, and within a few weeks, a third of the members of the expedition were severely incapacitated. The going was tough because Florida was then full of rivers, swamps, and forests. The Spanish were killed and picked off by irate natives, and Narvaez made a series of tactical blunders, including frequently dividing his forces and never seeking allies. The Mission Fails The men were dying, picked off individually and in small groups by native attacks. Supplies had run out, and the expedition had alienated every native tribe it had encountered. With no hope to establish any sort of settlement and with no help coming, Narvaez decided to abort the mission and return to Cuba. He had lost touch with his ships and ordered the construction of four large rafts. The Death of Panfilo de Narvaez It is not known for certain where and when Narvaez died. The last man to see Narvaez alive and tell of it was Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, a junior officer of the expedition. He recounted that in their final conversation, he asked Narvaez for help the men on Narvaezs raft were better fed and stronger than those with Cabeza de Vaca. Narvaez refused, basically saying â€Å"every man for himself,† according to Cabeza de Vaca. The rafts were wrecked in a storm and only 80 men survived the sinking of the rafts; Narvaez was not among them. The Aftermath of the Narvaez Expedition The first major incursion into present-day Florida was a complete fiasco. Of the 300 men who landed with Narvaez, only four ultimately survived. Among them was Cabeza de Vaca, the junior officer who had asked for help but received none. After his raft sunk, Cabeza de Vaca was enslaved by a local tribe for several years somewhere along the Gulf Coast. He managed to escape and meet up with three other survivors, and together the four of them returned overland to Mexico, arriving some eight years after the expedition landed in Florida. The animosity caused by the Narvaez expedition was such that it took the Spanish years to establish a settlement in Florida. Narvaez has gone down in history as one of the most ruthless yet incompetent conquistadors of the colonial era.

Organic Compound Names and Formulas (A)

Organic Compound Names and Formulas (A) This is a list of organic compound names and formulas with names starting with the letter A. Abietane - C20H36Abietic acid - C20H30O2Acenaphthene - C12H10Acenaphthoquinone - C12H6O2Acenaphthylene - C12H8Acepromazine - C19H22N2OSAcetal (1,1-diethoxyethane) - C6H14O2Acetaldehyde - C2H4OAcetaldehyde Ammonia Trimer - C6H15N3Acetamide - C2H5NOAcetaminophen - C8H9NO2Acetaminophen (ball and stick model) - C8H9NO2Acetaminosalol - C15H13NO4Acetamiprid - C10H11ClN4Acetanilide - C6H5NH(COCH3)Acetic acid - CH3COOHAcetoguanamine - C4H7N5Acetone - CH3COCH3, or (CH3)2COAcetone (space filling model) - CH3COCH3, or (CH3)2COAcetonitrile - C2H3NAcetophenone - C8H8Oacetyl chloride - C2H3ClOAcetylcholine – (CH3)3NCH2CH2OCOCH3.Acetylene - C2H2N-Acetylglutamate - C7H11NO5Acetylsalicylic Acid - C9H8O4 (also known as Aspirin)Acid fuchsin - C20H17N3Na2O9S3Acridine - C13H9NAcridine orange - C17H19N3Acrolein - C3H4OAcrylamide - C3H5NOAcrylic acid - C3H4O2Acrylonitrile - C3H3NAcryloyl chloride - C3H3ClOAcyclovir - C8H11N5O3Adamantane - C10H16Adenosine - C10H13N5O4Adipamide - C6H12N2O2Adipic acid - C6H10O4Adiponitrile - C6H8N2Adipoyl dichloride - C6H8Cl2O2Adonitol - C5H12O5Adrenochrome - C9H9NO3Epinephrine (adrenaline) - C9H13NO3AflatoxinAIBN (2-2-azobisisobutyronitrile)Alanine - C3H7NO2D-Alanine - C3H7NO2L-Alanine - C3H7NO2AlbuminsAlcian blue - C56H58Cl14CuN16S4Aldosterone - C21H28O5Aldrin - C12H8Cl6Aliquat 336 - C25H54ClNAlizarin - C14H8O4Allantoic acid - C4H8N4O4Allantoin - C4H6N4O3Allegra - C32H39NO4AllethrinAllyl propyl disulfide - C6H12S2Allylamine - C3H7NAllyl chloride - C3H5ClAmide general structureAmido black 10b - C22H14N6Na2O9S2p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) - C7H7NO2Aminoethylpiperazine - C6H15N35-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid - C7H7NO3Aminophylline - C16H24N10O45-Aminosalicylic acid - C7H7NO3Aminothiazole - C3H4N2SAmiodarone - C25H29I2NO3Amiton - C10H24NO3PSAmobarbital - C11H18N2O3Amoxicillin - C16H19N3O5S.3H2OAmphetamine - C9H13NAmyl nitrate - C5H11NO3Amyl nitrite - C5H11NO2Anandamide - C22H37NO2Anethole - C10H12OAngelic acid - C5H8O2Anilazine - C9H5Cl3N4Anil ine - C6H5 -NH2 /C6H7NAniline hydrochloride - C6H8ClNAnisaldehyde - C8H8O2Anisole - C6H5OCH2Anisoyl chloride - C8H7ClO2Anthanthrene - C22H12anthracene – (C6H4CH)2Anthramine - C14H11NAnthranilic acid - C7H7NO2Anthraquinone - C14H8O2Anthrone - C14H10OAntipyrine - C11H12N2OAprotinin - C284H432N84O79S7Arabinose - C5O10H5Arginine - C6H14N4O2D-Arginine - C6H14N4O2L-Arginine - C6H14N4O2Aroclor (polychlorinated biphenyls) - C12H10-xClx, where x 1Arsole - C4H5AsAscorbic acid (vitamin C) - C6H8O6Asparagine - C4H8N2O3D-Asparagine - C4H8N2O3L-Asparagine - C4H8N2O3Asparagusic acid - C4H6O2S2Aspartame - C14H18N2O5Aspartic acid - C4H7NO4D-Aspartic acid - C4H7NO4L-Aspartic acid - C4H7NO4Aspidofractinine - C19H24N2Asphidophytidine - C17H22ClN3Aspidospermidine - C19H26N2Astra blue - C47H52CuN14O6S3Atrazine - C8H14ClN5Auramine O - C8H14ClN5Aureine - C18H25NO5Aurin - C19H14O3Avobenzone - C20H22O3Azadirachtin - C35H44O16Azathioprine - C9H7N7O2SAzelaic acid - C9H16O4Azepane - C6H13NAzinphos-met hyl - C10H12N3O3PS2Aziridine - C2H5NAzithromycin - C38H72N2O122-2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)Azo violet - C12H9N3O4Azobenzene - C12H10N2Azulene - C10H8Azure A - C14H14ClN3S

Recommendation report in comparing two water provision methods for an Essay

Recommendation report in comparing two water provision methods for an arid region - Essay Example As such, the burgeoning human population, loss of natural environments, and desertification that is taking place around the globe all have a profound impact upon the availability and quality of the water resources that can be leveraged. 1 Aim This particular analysis will be concentric upon comparing to water provision methods in an otherwise arid continent; Australia. It is the hope of this author that be detailing the strengths and weaknesses of two approaches to water provision, the most appropriate, efficient, reasonable, and cost efficient means can be integrated as a means of providing the population with access to the most basic and fundamental resources required for life; liquid water. 2 Information specific to region ( water situation )- evidence. With regards to the lack of water that the continent of Australia currently must integrate with, the reader should understand the following points: Australia exhibits the lowest overall level of rainfall of any of the 7 continents Australians exhibit some of the highest per capita water usage rates in the entire world Global climate change threatens to cut future rainfall even furtherin Australia More specifically, with regards to the total per capita water usage that the average Austrlian exhibits, studies indicate that this is in excess of 120 liters per day. As compared with over 66% of the rest of the world that uses 60 liters or less in any given day, this is a two fold increase per capita; thereby representing something of an insatiable demand for a scarce resource that is only growing scarcer. Moreover, when one looks at the current water storage facilities that exist within the major metropolitan cities of Australia, these storage facilities are only operating at around 30-40% capacity; denoting the fact that the ability to store and retain water is negated by the incessant demands of the populace. This of course denotes the need for conservation as well as finding, utilizing, and exploiting further h ydro resources within the continent. 2 Background 1 Water problem around the word although it may seem convenient to approach the water resource shortage in Australia from purely a regional perspective, the fact of the matter is that water shortages, as well as overall purity of these water resources, is an issue that globally effects 780 million people. As has briefly been discussed within the introduction and regional information overview, two factors that continue to have a profound and noticeable effect on the existence of water shortage issues is the growth of the world’s population in tandem with the changes to precipitation that global climate change have affected. Due to the fact that many previously populated regions of the world have experienced a great degree of desertification, the extent to which the natural environment can continue to provide the ever increasing demands of the native population comes into question. Environmentalists and researchers are in agreem ent that unless fundamental changes are made with regards to the way the world’s water resources are utilized, within the next few decades the access to water will become a far greater issue than it is currently. 3 Presentation of options As a means of ameliorating the

Industry Briefing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Industry Briefing Paper - Essay Example Modern market is highly competitive in nature. Each and every competitor is competing very hard. Managers around the world are facing lots of issues regarding placing their products in the market. Proper product placement gives significant competitive advantages to any company. In this paper, a detailed discussion will be done about the different factors related with product placement. It will be a step by step discussion. The paper will include critical analysis about product placement, review of related literature, key issues. At the end of the paper suitable recommendation and conclusion will be given. In the appendix, examples of two case studies will be given. Reflective analysis also will be done. This paper will help the Marketing Director of Bio-gloss to place their hair care products in the market. It will act as a clear guideline for the company to attract the attentions of young, fun loving girls. This paper will help the company to stand out of the competitions and will e nable to place their products uniquely. In this section of the study different product placements theory will be discussed in the context of Bio-gloss. Theories will be discussed are Buying Association Theory, Brand Association Theory and Brand Salience and Recall. According to buying association theory, buyer’s decision making process related with hair care products of Bio-gloss will start as soon as young girls are exposed to the products. The process will start with the customers having an indirect awareness or weak associations with the products of Bio-gloss. In this stage with the help of proper product placement the organization must turn the attentions of their targeted customers towards them. It is very important for the company to develop brand name, familiarity with the different products of Bio-gloss. It is also important for the company to influence the purchasing behaviours of targeted customers. How one targeted customer of Bio-gloss is being exposed to the

Highlight the impact of containerisation on an international supply Essay

Highlight the impact of containerisation on an international supply chain - Essay Example This staggering figure constitutes of 15 percent of the global vehicle markets. The company generated net income of $2.8 billion on over $193 billion in revenues (Alden et al, 2006). General Motors procurement strategy General motors’ (GM’s) business operations are based on a sound procurement practice and basic business integrity. Officials responsible for procurement and supply chain make their procurement decisions solely on the basis of the credibility of the suppliers that offer GM the best value for goods and services that they require. They primarily avoid any actions that indicate that their purchasing decisions are improper or irrelevant consideration whether illegal, such as bribe or kickback, or technically legal such as favours, free entertainment, personal friendship or gifts. The global purchasing and supply chain of GM holds the responsibility of procuring all goods and services that are required by the company and its joint venture and alliance partners spread over all four business regions of the world. This operation involves the procurement of parts used in the production and manufacturing of vehicles as well as products and services that are utilised for the purpose of providing support to the development and production of those vehicles. Following this strategy has not only helped boost GM’s production all over the world, but has also helped their suppliers to do business in unprecedented volumes thereby providing them with an opportunity to expand their own operations across the world (GM, 2010). The new system of procurement and supply chain management in GM has been termed as â€Å"Centralized Decentralization† by the vice president. The basic idea behind this system as has been explained by the vice president is to centralize the procurement of individual components and materials in order to leverage the company’s buying power and scale (Supply chain digest, 2008). According to Ageshin (2001), General Motors has various characteristics that make it an ideal example of an e-procurement strategy following company and a great example of how e-procurement is reshaping U.S. manufacturing. The company has the ability to increase the volume of its sales through its e-procurement system up to $300billion-$500billion per year. This has always been a primary strategy adopted by the company in order to generate further cost savings associated with purchasing across the whole supply chain. The fact that, GM was very familiar with the advantages of electronic data interchanges with its suppliers and because of its dominant position in the supply chain industry, the company adopted e-procurement system very early. GM started pursuing the idea of e-procurement as early as 1999 with the help of its technology partners i2 Technologies and Commerce One who created a B2B trading community called TradeXchange. This e-procurement system that the company adopted led to quicker information flows and ex tensive information sharing across the supply chain. This has resulted in the significant improvement in the quality of planning and forecasting for the company and its suppliers thereby boosting their businesses. The Web-based form of e-procurement has increased product customization and developed build to-order capabilities at GM. General Motors’

The Effect Of Gender Partiality On Employees Efficiency Business Essay

The Effect Of Gender Partiality On Employees Efficiency Business Essay The swerve of gender partiality is deep rooted in the past; however, it has become a veering trend in present day organizations. Consequently, employees across the globe are experiencing pronounced victimization of sexual partiality in one way or the other. The large scale precarious implications of the menace also entail the need for studying its repercussions in Pakistani organizational culture. Hence, this study is intended to explore and colligate various constituents and attributes of gender partiality, responsible for affecting the workforce efficiency. Primarily, two lineaments of sexual partiality are delineated in this research i.e. bias in recruitment, and rewards and promotions discrimination (independent variables). The study demonstrates the association between gender partiality and employees efficiency / productivity (dependent variable) in Pakistani telecommunication sector, narrowed down to Mobilink GSM (Islamabad and Peshawar regions as unit of analysis). The quantit ative results portray inauspicious effects of sexual bias on efficiency / productivity of the employees. The study has also been incorporated with several indicators of gender partiality and employees performance / productivity. The indicators of employees performance / productivity are perceived to neutralize the gender bias, subject to the existence of organizational justice. The study in hand encourages further exploration with regard to instituting and implementing the concept of organizational justice, so as to safeguard the endangered species of human Resource from inequalities like gender partiality. Key Words Sexual partiality, Glass ceiling, Organizational justice, Employee efficiency, Organizational productivity Type Research paper Introduction Morgan (2006) condignly observes employees as valuable assets that can lend cachet to the organizational image, provided they are given equal and appropriate grounds to contribute in the activities of organization (p. 36). Organizational productivity thus, undoubtedly entails the need for induction of quality workforce. Subsequently, to ensure sustenance of the human resource and to align their capabilities with the organizational goals, effective tanning, and conducive working environment, equilibrate grant of privileges / rewards, creation of opportunities for future growth, and equality on the basis of performance and capability are the inevitable essentials. This is possible only if equality prevails in organizations; free of all sorts of biasness and discrimination, gender partiality in particular. Gender discrimination exists in various dimensions and magnitudes, subjected to the organizational culture and managerial antecedences. Besides other aspects, sexual partiality at wor k place may comprise of recruitment discrimination, biasness in remuneration and rewards, partiality in promotions, and facilitation ascribed to gender based discrimination. Employee, being the pivot of organizational activities, if affected by gender partiality, may experience occupationalism displacing selflessness and altruism. Resultantly, big question mark appears when it comes to Organizational Justice. Injustice makes it difficult for employees to obtain valued outcomes at work. In fact, it signals to employees that they are not valued by their organization. Resultantly, important social norms are jeopardized. Thus it seems likely that organizational justice perceptions may mediate the effects of workplace discrimination on well-being and job satisfaction (Stephan, Johan, Karen, 2012). Purpose of the study The study in hand will inquire into factors resulting gender discrimination and the precarious implications of gender bias on employees productivity. This study is an attempt to establish a nexus with the past researches and reveal the vital factor of gender partiality which is significantly liable for reducing the workforce productivity. Thus providing a food for thought to different tiers of management so as to address the issue efficaciously. This study has been extended to Pakistani organizational culture to test and ascertain the effects of gender partiality. Employees (both genders) of Mobilink GSM (Islamabad and Peshawar regions) constitute the population sample for this study. The purpose of including both men and women in the sample is to eliminate the possible gender distinction in attributions to sexual partiality. From the targets viewpoint, majority of scholars and researchers centering upon gender partiality account for female as the target, and focus on women participa nts alone. Thus, in contributing to research concentrating upon gender studies, it is inevitable to examine mens attributions to sexism and that how mens and womens ascription to sexual partiality can be compared to each other. Literature Review Researchers have identified several forms of sexual partiality in organizations originating from unjust practices of the employer. In literature pertaining to organizational research, notwithstanding the fact that gender related problems were initially exposed in 1950s, but the issues relating sexual partiality were later more pronounced in organizational and management studies during 1980s 1990s. Sexism or sexual partiality World Health Organization (1998) defines sexism as a distinction, exclusion, or restriction which is made primarily on the foundation of socially built gender functions and norms. The terminology of sexual identity holds several illustrations and connections, only few of which transpire within an intergroup structure. Traditional concepts of sexual identity ordinarily refer to an early consciousness of a person as man or women. More recently, an additional notion of gender identity has emerged, one that emphasizes gender as a social / collective identity or gender-derived social identity (Sharon, Hang, Raymond, 2006). Victims of gender partiality Sexism or gender discrimination is often attributed to women; however if practically observed, the phenomenon can be seen imputed to both genders. The intrinsically prejudiced practice of sexual discrimination has affected the global markets precariously. Jennifer (2002) argues that male models of strength and authority within organizations do not have room for the meliorations female bring into the workplace, managerial level in particular. In addition, stereotyping of the female as different to male further encourages marginalizing and undermining their dominance and authority. On the contrary, several researchers grade the feminine gender more dominating when it comes to recruitment and subsequent career progressions. Similar notion has been made by James, Charles and Catherine (1998). They maintain that women have the ability to be considered more likeable than men; though this is a feature which is generally distributed among both men and women. Many of the profession progressing strategies demand for developing relationships with others. Regardless of the sexuality, an individual who is not graded high on the personality measure of likeability would have comparatively lesser likelihood of developing and maintaining relationships with the others. Contrarily, individuals with likeable personalities would have more opportunities to pursue career progressing strategies, entailing relationship building and socializing. Gender discrimination frequently can be seen in different organizations. Most of the organizations are suffering from such problem of discrimination related to gender. Though there are different laws and polices developed by different countries about gender discrimination. But there is no implication of these laws in real context. Women perceived that they are not rated in a justified manner related to training, appraisals, and career development opportunities as compare to men (Blau, 1998; Blau, Ferber, Winkler, 1998). Societal trends Gretchen Courtney (2009) are more concerned with the source of discrimination. They maintain that the responses of men and women for inquiries pertaining to sexual partiality may differ. Their responses will be subjected to whether the source of biasness is an individual or a policy decision / rule. Researchers have established that victims of gender partiality are mostly compulsive or reluctant to highlight the sexual inequality they experience at workplace. This elucidates that one of the prime reason for presence of gender discrimination is the tendency of individuals not to surface the practice of sexual discrimination. Consequently, the individuals inability to report this kind of discrimination is more pronounced in countries like Pakistan; whereby, human resource (females in particular) is comparatively less vocal. Furthermore, sexual favoritism at workplace may give birth to gender discrimination, affecting the workforce in terms of career (progression) opportunities. Antecolet. (2009) is of the point of view that both men and women are dissatisfied with their jobs who experience gender discrimination at workplace. Though according to the results, employment status of male employees is significantly connected to their marital status. On the other hand, employment status of the female is significantly subjected to their performance and productivity. Females are not discriminated on the basis of conscious decision of the management but most of the time management have some precautions about hiring of females for highly responsible posts because it is a general assumption about women that they are to fulfill their family obligations, so they are not suitable for vital designation of organizations (Crompton Birkelund, 2000; Glass, 2000; Waldfogel, 1998). Gender discrimination is not specific for female but often males are also victims of gender discrimination. It depends on the marital status, married males have more chances of getting jobs rather than females. On the other hand, unmarried females have more chances of being selected by the organization than unmarried males (Petersen Togstad, 2006). Sexual favoritism and gender partiality Sexual favoritism and gender partiality / discrimination are often similarly perceived. However, Glenn, James M., James F (2006) have befittingly differentiated the two. They delineate that sexual favoritism entangles the discerning grant of a gain or opportunity at the workplace; in contrast, sexual partiality / discrimination usually involves the restraining of benefits or opportunities dependent upon an individuals gender. At the workplace, when romance involves sexual favoritism, it is important to comprehend the cause and extent of the presence of such favoritism i.e. whether this favoritism can give way to other employees (who are not directly involved in the illicit relationship) for claiming themselves as the victims of sexual harassment. This concludes that sexual favoritism and gender partiality bear both direct and indirect implications for employees. Whether favoritism on the basis of sex remains a legitimate shape of discrimination, or whether sexual favoritism stretche s to the extent of a restricted form of sexual partiality, is an important question which can only be answered through comprehending the definition of sexual harassment. Glass ceiling during recruitment Gender discrimination is also termed as glass ceiling. Most of the time sexual partiality begins with the entry of employees (recruitment) in any organization. At the time of recruitment, men are preferred for strategic posts or decision making hierarchal levels while females are mostly preferred for support roles or for selling jobs because organizations have intent to in cash the appearance of female for enhancement of sales (McDowell, 1997). Gender bias during career progression In broader concept, gender segregation does not mean segregation in terms of gender but it means segregation in terms of incentive for performance. For instance, males and females are hired for the same post they are segregated in terms of salary and other incentives (Petersen Saporta, 2004). The connotation is that sexual discrimination is not associated to the recruitment process alone; in fact, it continues across the entire professional careers of individuals. Effects of sexual biasness Stephan, Johan, Karen (2012) have explained discrimination as the prejudicial handling of individuals. Generally, it is based on association with a certain division or group. Because of discrimination, there is a likelihood of negative effects on the employees productivity, well-being and health. They have also mentioned various grounds of workplace discrimination by calling it a systematic refusal of employees rights based upon their ethnic affiliation, religion, age, sexual preferences, gender, or other criteria. These bases for sexual partiality may consequently lead to more colloquial verbal maltreatment, making reference to the mentioned attributes. Bà ¶ckerman Ilmakunnas (2006) have effectively illustrated the adverse effects of gender partiality on the performance of employees. Clegg (1983) has also highlighted the negative impacts which gender inequality brings to the employees performance. These researchers specifically consider it critical to determine the effects of sexual partiality on the employees turnover, job satisfaction, and absenteeism, vis-à  -vis the firms performance and productivity. Generally, women are less motivated towards their jobs because of gender discrimination. They have less decision making-power, receive less training sessions and are promoted fewer than men. Sharon, Hang, Raymond (2006) befittingly sketch the precarious repercussions of sexual discrimination, whereby, employees become discontented and demotivated. They believe that when employees consider themselves as victims of sexual discrimination, their commitment to the organization would be significantly reduced. Resultantly, such individuals would be keen to leave the organization in the pursuit of jobs, where organizations can treat them with more respect and equality. Organizational justice Hilary, (2012) makes a firm argument with reference to sexual partiality by calling it differences in human capital investment and stresses upon the need for organizational justice to overcome the peril of glass ceiling / sexual partiality. Debate continues to swirl, not only around the size of the gap, but around whether the gap is unfair or fair: whether it reflects discrimination visited on women or simply differences in human capital investments that women and men bring to the workplace. In this debate, there is a concern, implicitly grounded in the tenets of an equity-based approach to distributive justice, with finding the correct, gender-neutral way to measure equal units of input from women and men so we can fairly assess whether their outcomes (in terms of pay) are equivalent. With reference to other literature available on the subject, similar notions are proposed in addressing the issues related to effective tanning, conducive working environment, equilibrate grant of privileges / rewards, creation of opportunities for future growth, and equality on the basis of performance and capability. HYPOTHESIS Following hypothesis is proposed for this study: H1: Sexism is directly associated with employees efficiency / productivity. H2: Gender partiality during induction is adversely related to the employees productivity. H3: Sexual partiality in promotion is adversely proportional to efficiency / productivity of the employee. H4: Personality and age of the employee, and societal tendency have negative influence on employees efficiency through gender discrimination. H5: Employees productivity is positively affected by his / her professional ability and motivation. Proposed Model The model illustrated below proposes relationship between independent variable (gender discrimination) and dependent variable (performance and productivity) . Gender Discrimination in Hiring Gender Bias in Rewards and Promotion Employee Performance Employee Productivity Professional ability Motivation Personality Age Societal trend Independent variables Dependent variable Indicators Methodology The study is based upon analysis of data acquired through quantitative technique of data collection; i.e. acquisition of data through questionnaires. The selection of variables is influenced by the past research studies. The analysis are applied on both independent and dependent types of variables; gender discrimination being the independent variable, whereas, Productivity is the dependent variable. Employees of the organization (Mobilink GSM) serve as the unit of analysis. Data Collection Method: In order to execute a more austere test of the proposed model, data has been acquired from diversified respondents through questionnaire. A personally supervised questionnaire has been employed for data collection. Sample: The questionnaire has been personally administered through the concerned people. Out of a total of 360 distributed questionnaires, 300 questionnaires have been received back, resulting into a response rate of 83%. The prime reason for engaging both men and women as respondents is to ensure elimination of biased responses. The varied responses received from the population sample are summarized below:- Characteristics of sample S No Items Items Frequency 1 Gender Female 163 Male 137 45.6 2 Age 21-30 31-40 260 86.7 41-50 28 9.3 51-60 1 0.3 3 Income 25001-50,000 50,001-75000 80 above 75000 212 4 Qualification Graduate Postgraduate 152 Measures: In this study, standardized instruments have been instituted to measure different variables. Multiple scales have been used to gauge the variables i.e. five likert scale, nominal scale, and ratio. All the items have been measured on a 5-point Likert scale as mentioned below: (a) Strongly Disagree (b) Disagree (c) Neutral (d) Agree (e) Strongly Agree Data Analysis: Quantitative method of data collection has been used for subsequent analysis of the research findings. SPSS Version 20 has been used for analysis of the data. Correlation: Kendalls tau correlation has been applied on the data. The Kendall rank correlation coefficient, commonly termed as Kendalls tau (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾) coefficient, is a statistic for gauging the relationship between two measured quantities. It is a measure of rank correlation, i.e. the commonality of the data orderings when ranked. tau = frac{(text{number of concordant pairs}) (text{number of discordant pairs})}{frac{1}{2} n (n-1) } . The denominator is the total number pair combinations, so the coefficient must be in the range à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤Ã‚  Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤Ã‚  1. If the relationship between two gradings is perfect (i.e. the two rankings are similar) the coefficient has value 1. However, if the disagreement amongst two rankings is perfect (i.e. one ranking is reversed to the other one) the coefficient possesses value à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. If X and Y are independent, then the coefficient should be approximately zero. Regression: Least squares method is most commonly used for fitting of a regression line. This method measures the best-fitting line for the acquired data by reducing the total of the squares of vertical deviations from individual data point to the line (if a point falls exactly on the fitted line, then its vertical deviation is zero). Since the deviations are initially squared and then summed, there are no chances of cancellations between positive and negative figures. Therefore, the proposed research model with control / dummy variables is depicted as following:- Y = ÃŽÂ ²0+ ÃŽÂ ² 1X1+ ÃŽÂ ² 2X2+ µ Y= Dependent Variable = Employee performance and productivity X1 = Independent Variable = Gender discrimination in hiring X2 = Independent Variable = Gender bias in rewards and promotion B0, B1, B2 = Parameters  µ = Error Term Results of the Study The quantitative tools instituted for data evaluation are correlation and regression analysis through SPSS. Descriptive analysis has been performed to present various impression of the respondents i.e., how they respond to the questions. Correlation co-efficient illustrates the firmness of relationship between the variables. The results of this study establish a linear relationship between efficiency / productivity and gender partiality. Regression analysis has been used to ascertain the cause affect relationship between the employees efficiency / productivity and gender discrimination. Correlation: Correlation statistics depicts the association between the variables. It ascertains whether the variables move in similar or opposing directions. It is observed that the employees performance and productivity (dependent variable) is highly significant but negatively associated with gender partiality in hiring and gender bias in rewards and promotion. Collinearity statistics portrays possibility c of multicollinearity of the data; however, variance inflation factor (VIF) which testifies the multicollinearity, establishes the absence of multicollinearity for the reason that all the values of VIF are less than 10 and tolerance values are below one. Bivariate Kendalls tau Correlations coefficient matrix Gen_discr_hiring Gen_bias_rew_pro Gen_discr_hiring 1.000 Gen_bias_rew_pro .383** 1.000 Emp_perf_prod -.667** -.613** * p Gen_discr_hiring = Gender discrimination in hiring Gen_bias_rew_pro = Gender bias in reward and promotion Emp_perf_prod = Employee performance and promotion Regression: The relationship between dependent and independent variables is established through the Regression test. Regression results illustrate the significance of regression model and its informative power. Three step mediation and moderation techniques have been used for data analysis. Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t B Std. Error Beta (Constant) .163 .099 1.645 Gen_discr_hiring -.525 .029 -.608 17.895 Gen_bias_rew_pro -.504 .046 -.375 11.014 Dependent Variable: Emp_perf_prod Y = 0.163-0.362X1-0.341X2+ µ Results suggest that one unit change in gender partiality in hiring is changing (0.163-0.525=0.362) units of employees performance and productivity on average. One unit increase in gender bias in rewards and promotion is decreasing the employees performance and productivity (0.163-0.504=0.341) units on average. Model R R Square Adjusted R Square F Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .932a .869 .868 984.338 .18682 The regression analysis depicts that the value of R Square is 0.869. Thus, 86.1 % variation in employees performance and productivity is explained by the variables in this research; whereas, 14.9 % variation is ascribed to the factors not incorporated in this model. The value of F is 984.338 and is considerably significant, establishing the fitness of the model. The results of the study present significant impact of the variables on employees performance and productivity. Findings of the study The results of the study justify the tested hypothesis. They establish that gender partiality is directly associated with employees efficiency / productivity (H1). Besides, gender biasness during induction and promotion adversely affects the employees efficiency and productivity (H2 and H3). The research also identifies personality and age of the employee as vital indicators of sexism (H4). However, qualification, professional ability, and motivation are suggested as the significant indicators of employees efficiency, subjected to the organizational justice (H5). Limitations of the study The quantitative method of data acquisition is considered as one of the limitations of this research since it eliminates the element of subjectivity, which is essential to cover diversified aspects and varied off-shoots through detailed responses. Therefore, future researches are encouraged to simultaneously employ both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection for ensuring improved results with reference to this vast domain of gender discrimination vis-à  -vis employees productivity. Secondly, the study targeted employees of Mobilink GSM deployed at Islamabad and Peshawar regions as the unit of analysis. Thus, restricting the responses to comparatively non-diversified target population. This was because of the inaccessibility to locations like Karachi and Islamabad. For improved results, future work may incorporate responses from such demographically diversified locations. Conclusions The term Employee does not contain illustration of the gender (male / female). Therefore, partiality on the basis of gender must be considered as an illicit practice at all levels. Besides other factors, organizational output is primarily ascribed to the efficiency and productivity of the workforce. The study in hand clearly portrays the decline in altruistic trends and reclines in selfless behavior of the employees, if dealt with sexism / gender partiality. Therefore, it is of paramount importance for all tears of management to ensure gender equality in recruitment, rewards and promotions, and facilitations. This will surely help them acquiring and retaining the best available human resource to ensure enhanced organizational productivity. It will however, be subjected to the presence of organizational justice and equality. The study, culminating on establishing the dire need for implementation and execution of organizational justice, hence promotes further exploration pertaining to the concept of organizational justice.